A Quick Tutorial on the Perl Array Pop() Function

When writing a Perl script you might find it handy to use the pop() function, which looks like this: Perls pop() function is used to remove and return (or pop) the last element from an array, which reduces the number of elements by one. The last element in the array is the one with the highest index. Its easy to confuse this function with shift(), which removes the first element from an array. An Example of Using the Perl Pop() Function If you think of an array as a row of numbered boxes, going from left to right, it would be the element on the far right. The pop() function would cut the element off the right side of the array, return it, and reduce the elements by one. In the examples, the value of $oneName becomes Moe, the last element, and myNames is shortened to (Larry, Curly). The array can also be thought of as a stack—picture of a stack of numbered boxes, starting with 0 on the top, and increasing as it goes down. The pop() function would pop the element off the bottom of the stack, return it, and reduce the elements by one.

The Educated Imagination, by Northrop Frye, Bird by Bird,...

Can you imagine a world where literature did not exist? It’s very hard, nearly impossible. Literature plays a major role in shaping society. Literature is a word used to describe written or spoken material. Literature educates, informs, entertains and influences the reader or listener in a myriad of profound ways. Broadly speaking, â€Å"literature† is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination. Writers can change one’s beliefs, thoughts, actions, indeed their entire lives. In Northrop Frye’s The Educated Imagination, Anne Lamott’s Bird by Bird and Plato’s The Republic, the writers use literature to utter the importance†¦show more content†¦He further says that literature especially poetry is â€Å"more simply sensuous and passionate.† In order to make this connection, Frye uses a series of comparisons s uch as objective versus subjective words, intellect opposed to emotion, and arts in contrast to science. Frye also describes what he considers to be three levels of the mind and their relationships to language. He titles the first level the objective level. On this level one uses nouns and adjectives to give names and describe things one sees around himself. The second level referred to as the practical level uses verbs and action words. For instance, man is concerned with changing the environment to fit his needs, therefore he requires these practical verbs and adjectives to express what he wants to do. The last level is basically a vision or model in one’s mind of what he wants to construct. This highest level is involved with imagination, this is the realm of literature. Frye makes the fascinating observation that science continuously

Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers Free Essays

The job of a nightclub manager is a professional and exciting profession. However, the common misconceptions that a nightclub manager’s life is full of glamour or he lives a posh life are another thing. Every job has its own idiosyncrasies but every job can be rewarding as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers or any similar topic only for you Order Now The smooth functioning, the profitability, and the significant degree of input on the attitude and operations of the club all depend with the club manager (â€Å"Career,† 2007). People should be aware that club managers have many potentials high profile professions do not have. They are the creative people others sometimes looked down. Their brains are wired up with good marketing schemes for the welfare of their customers and business as a whole. Thus, the offshoots of their talents and strategies mean customer satisfaction and good business. In spite of the fact that a nightclub manager’s job is a professional career it is still being questioned by few people. Consequently, there are many pressing issues a nightclub manager encounters. But I think a nightclub manager should not be alarmed at all about facing these issues often connoted in their line of work. The idea of excitement with this kind of job is overwhelming. This paper looks at the functions and duties of nightclub managers in higher form of scrutiny but with high regards. The concentration of this paper is not just the juxtaposition of the acceptable and unacceptable realities when one is a nightclub manager but most importantly to make reforms on the conventional views towards the real job of a nightclub manager. It is a prevalent reality that nightclubs are known for infamous industry of entertainment: alcohol, drugs, prostitution, and crimes. But in other clubs it is actually the opposite reality. The problem with this view is that few people tend to make generalizations and distort ideas about nightclubs which influence other people’s belief. Consequences are: (1) the persuasive power of these few people who thinks nightclubs are a place of unwanted activities attracts majority, (2) the misinterpretation of the reality that often than not there are many decent clubs, and (3) managers who operate nightclubs are being attacked regarding questions of morality, ergo, they are being looked down. The writer does intend to be assertive and hopes to lay down critical views. So, the crucial questions which need to be answered in this short paper are: 1.   To what extent does a nightclub manager can control his customers and his staff in terms of providing service to customers? 2.   What are the scopes and limitations a manager can give when a customer demands service? 3.   How to make every operation of the club runs smoothly without sacrificing customer satisfaction? It is always important to remember that to make a good business the manager can choose to become always submissive or not. The slogan â€Å"the customer is always right† should not be taken literally because this is not always the case. The purpose of this paper is not to draw a clear line between what is morally right and wrong, though. But it should be noted that nightclub managers are professional beings and they are aware of ethical matters whether they deny it or not. Nightclub manager has all the right to enforce his authority over his subordinates and in some cases the owner of the establishment. Since providing a good service to the customers is the key to profitable business the nightclub manager’s duties should be handled accordingly. Although formal education is needed, experience in club industry is a requisite. Advertising, management, customer service, inventory control, and financial aspects (e.g. revenues, cash flow costs, etc.) of the club are just some of the concerns being managed by the nightclub manager. But one more thing that should serve as a reminder, the work of nightclub managers is not easy as others may want to think. I conducted an interview with one nightclub manager and he said that in his line of work he literally works to death, that he have not yet imagined until he became a nightclub manager himself. The answer to question number two is a scenario which was provided by the manager I have interviewed (see Appendix A). One customer talks to the nightclub manager and whispers something while looking at the stage. They both look at Mikaela, an exquisite beauty and dancer of the club. The manager can recognize the lust on the customer’s eyes and he said â€Å"No† and that was final. The customer was surprised but the manager just gave him a knowing look, and that is the end of it. Everything went smoothly again. Mikaela saw everything which had happened and she lovingly smiled at the manager. It is a very rewarding feeling for a nightclub manager if he departs from the becoming â€Å"stereotype† of what a nightclub manager really does. A manager can say he really suffered different kinds of hardships in a very challenging milieu like the nightclub if he survived the challenges using good means. The manager we had seen in the scenario given above is not the type of manager who just goes with the flows and acts very submissive to his customers while sacrificing the welfare of his employees. He is the not the stereotype manager, he was able to deviate from the norms. He was able to make his own choice when put in a challenging situation which involved the welfare of his employees. Thus, these manners of a manager being labeled â€Å"deviant† are uncommon yet satisfying and admirable. Furthermore, the people working in a nightclub are the embodiment of the nightclub per se. So, if a nightclub manager train his employees humanely, treat them with compassion, and pay them justly he will not just develop a good report with them but a deeper relationship. Nightclubs are just the perfect setting in creating a world of innovation and world of creativity to answer the last question. To do this or not to this is really the ultimate question when a club manager is thinking of marketing strategies which would attract more customers and to keep regular customers coming. The manager who really wants good business not just sticks with his ultimate goal by being too focused about money. He still believes in â€Å"ends justify the means† in an acceptable way. Meaning, he does not eventually loses his heart to his staff and to his self in the process of making business good. Therefore, if his brain is really wired up with many good ideas, he will really give a damn if the welfare of his employees is at stake.   Money and business are not always the motivations of a nightclub manager. The conscience of a nightclub manager should not be put in his pockets where he can get it anytime he wants or completely pretends he forgets about it after some times. If this is the case, then he will be included to the shallow people of this world. It is hard to see oneself in front of the mirror with eyes close. A real advocate of a good business has a heart. Now, the unacceptable and acceptable realities in the line of job of a nightclub manager have been laid down. And it is still safe from this point to say that the job of a nightclub manager is interesting, professional, and morally acceptable if the manager chooses to. Nightclub managers really live different lifestyles but of course with their full consent, whether it will be based on moralities or immoralities, money or conscience, and life or death. There are nightclub managers who chose the road more traveled but more despised by the society and they do not care. There are those who stay clean at first but were taken with the flow and eventually join the ones despised by society. And there are those who depart from the majority and chose the road less traveled.   So, if I may say please choose the road less traveled, you are surely on the right track. APPENDIX 1 All details about the interviewee will remain confidential. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you have a full control over your club? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have all the controls over my club. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are some of the concerns when one is a nightclub manager? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a manager I know I should be responsible in everything about this club like the operations as a whole, management, giving services to the customers, taking care of regular customers, approving what promos and gimmicks should be implemented to attract more customers, welfare of my employees, and of course as a whole how to make this business profitable, and so forth and so on. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oh I see. So, to what extent you can say that you really have the full control in this club? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being the owner and at the same time the manager, I have all the controls in making this business survive in the way I chose to. I have though of marketable strategies with the help of my employees. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What do you do when your customers become demanding to some extent that it involves question of morality? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My employees learned to accept my decisions but I consider first and foremost decisions which will do both my customers and employees’ welfare. My decision should be for the good of everybody. Though I have fallen in many kinds of dilemma many times, and I have handled them rightfully. I have some friends who are also managers of nightclub who resort to what is known â€Å"illicit activities† inside a club just to make their business good and I am not like them. When I first entered this business, I was able to separate myself with illegal activities because I still had my conscience. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well, I already have an idea about what you said, â€Å"Illicit Activities† so, I am wondering how do you handle, if you are involved or not involved in this kind of realities inside the nightclub? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I chose not to get involved. You see I have my own choice. I proud to say right now that I survived many challenges a manager like me would encounter. I helped my employees because they helped me as well. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You are not the stereotype nightclub manager other people think of, so what can you say about it? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I can earn more money at the same time gain good and loyal friends on behalf of my employees and customers. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thank you for the time, Mr Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I hope I made a little spark at least. Source: The Princeton Review, INC (2007). Career Profiles. October 2, 2007, from http://www.princetonreview.com/cte/profiles/dayInLife.asp?careerID=21 How to cite Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers, Essay examples Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers Free Essays The job of a nightclub manager is a professional and exciting profession. However, the common misconceptions that a nightclub manager’s life is full of glamour or he lives a posh life are another thing. Every job has its own idiosyncrasies but every job can be rewarding as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers or any similar topic only for you Order Now The smooth functioning, the profitability, and the significant degree of input on the attitude and operations of the club all depend with the club manager (â€Å"Career,† 2007). People should be aware that club managers have many potentials high profile professions do not have. They are the creative people others sometimes looked down. Their brains are wired up with good marketing schemes for the welfare of their customers and business as a whole. Thus, the offshoots of their talents and strategies mean customer satisfaction and good business.  In spite of the fact that a nightclub manager’s job is a professional career it is still being questioned by few people. Consequently, there are many pressing issues a nightclub manager encounters. But I think a nightclub manager should not be alarmed at all about facing these issues often connoted in their line of work. The idea of excitement with this kind of job is overwhelming. This paper looks at the functions and duties of nightclub managers in higher form of scrutiny but with high regards. The concentration of this paper is not just the juxtaposition of the acceptable and unacceptable realities when one is a nightclub manager but most importantly to make reforms on the conventional views towards the real job of a nightclub manager. It is a prevalent reality that nightclubs are known for infamous industry of entertainment: alcohol, drugs, prostitution, and crimes. But in other clubs it is actually the opposite reality. The problem with this view is that few people tend to make generalizations and distort ideas about nightclubs which influence other people’s belief. Consequences are: (1) the persuasive power of these few people who thinks nightclubs are a place of unwanted activities attracts majority, (2) the misinterpretation of the reality that often than not there are many decent clubs, and (3) managers who operate nightclubs are being attacked regarding questions of morality, ergo, they are being looked down. The writer does intend to be assertive and hopes to lay down critical views. So, the crucial questions which need to be answered in this short paper are: 1.To what extent does a nightclub manager can control his customers and his staff in terms of providing service to customers? 2.   What are the scopes and limitations a manager can give when a customer demands service? 3.   How to make every operation of the club runs smoothly without sacrificing customer satisfaction? It is always important to remember that to make a good business the manager can choose to become always submissive or not. The slogan â€Å"the customer is always right† should not be taken literally because this is not always the case. The purpose of this paper is not to draw a clear line between what is morally right and wrong, though. But it should be noted that nightclub managers are professional beings and they are aware of ethical matters whether they deny it or not. Nightclub manager has all the right to enforce his authority over his subordinates and in some cases the owner of the establishment. Since providing a good service to the customers is the key to profitable business the nightclub manager’s duties should be handled accordingly. Although formal education is needed, experience in club industry is a requisite. Advertising, management, customer service, inventory control, and financial aspects (e.g. revenues, cash flow costs, etc.) of the club are just some of the concerns being managed by the nightclub manager. But one more thing that should serve as a reminder, the work of nightclub managers is not easy as others may want to think. I conducted an interview with one nightclub manager and he said that in his line of work he literally works to death, that he have not yet imagined until he became a nightclub manager himself. The answer to question number two is a scenario which was provided by the manager I have interviewed (see Appendix A).  One customer talks to the nightclub manager and whispers something while looking at the stage. They both look at Mikaela, an exquisite beauty and dancer of the club. The manager can recognize the lust on the customer’s eyes and he said â€Å"No† and that was final. The customer was surprised but the manager just gave him a knowing look, and that is the end of it. Everything went smoothly again. Mikaela saw everything which had happened and she lovingly smiled at the manager. It is a very rewarding feeling for a nightclub manager if he departs from the becoming â€Å"stereotype† of what a nightclub manager really does. A manager can say he really suffered different kinds of hardships in a very challenging milieu like the nightclub if he survived the challenges using good means.  The manager we had seen in the scenario given above is not the type of manager who just goes with the flows and acts very submissive to his customers while sacrificing the welfare of his employees. He is the not the stereotype manager, he was able to deviate from the norms. He was able to make his own choice when put in a challenging situation which involved the welfare of his employees. Thus, these manners of a manager being labeled â€Å"deviant† are uncommon yet satisfying and admirable. Furthermore, the people working in a nightclub are the embodiment of the nightclub per se. So, if a nightclub manager train his employees humanely, treat them with compassion, and pay them justly he will not just develop a good report with them but a deeper relationship.  Nightclubs are just the perfect setting in creating a world of innovation and world of creativity to answer the last question. To do this or not to this is really the ultimate question when a club manager is thinking of marketing strategies which would attract more customers and to keep regular customers coming. The manager who really wants good business not just sticks with his ultimate goal by being too focused about money. He still believes in â€Å"ends justify the means† in an acceptable way. Meaning, he does not eventually loses his heart to his staff and to his self in the process of making business good. Therefore, if his brain is really wired up with many good ideas, he will really give a damn if the welfare of his employees is at stake. Money and business are not always the motivations of a nightclub manager. The conscience of a nightclub manager should not be put in his pockets where he can get it anytime he wants or completely pretends he forgets about it after some times. If this is the case, then he will be included to the shallow people of this world. It is hard to see oneself in front of the mirror with eyes close. A real advocate of a good business has a heart. Now, the unacceptable and acceptable realities in the line of job of a nightclub manager have been laid down. And it is still safe from this point to say that the job of a nightclub manager is interesting, professional, and morally acceptable if the manager chooses to. Nightclub managers really live different lifestyles but of course with their full consent, whether it will be based on moralities or immoralities, money or conscience, and life or death. There are nightclub managers who chose the road more traveled but more despised by the society and they do not care. There are those who stay clean at first but were taken with the flow and eventually join the ones despised by society. And there are those who depart from the majority and chose the road less traveled.   So, if I may say please choose the road less traveled, you are surely on the right track. APPENDIX 1 All details about the interviewee will remain confidential. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you have a full control over your club? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have all the controls over my club. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are some of the concerns when one is a nightclub manager? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a manager I know I should be responsible in everything about this club like the operations as a whole, management, giving services to the customers, taking care of regular customers, approving what promos and gimmicks should be implemented to attract more customers, welfare of my employees, and of course as a whole how to make this business profitable, and so forth and so on. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oh I see. So, to what extent you can say that you really have the full control in this club? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being the owner and at the same time the manager, I have all the controls in making this business survive in the way I chose to. I have though of marketable strategies with the help of my employees. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What do you do when your customers become demanding to some extent that it involves question of morality? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   My employees learned to accept my decisions but I consider first and foremost decisions which will do both my customers and employees’ welfare. My decision should be for the good of everybody. Though I have fallen in many kinds of dilemma many times, and I have handled them rightfully. I have some friends who are also managers of nightclub who resort to what is known â€Å"illicit activities† inside a club just to make their business good and I am not like them. When I first entered this business, I was able to separate myself with illegal activities because I still had my conscience. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well, I already have an idea about what you said, â€Å"Illicit Activities† so, I am wondering how do you handle, if you are involved or not involved in this kind of realities inside the nightclub? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   I chose not to get involved. You see I have my own choice. I proud to say right now that I survived many challenges a manager like me would encounter. I helped my employees because they helped me as well. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You are not the stereotype nightclub manager other people think of, so what can you say about it? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   I can earn more money at the same time gain good and loyal friends on behalf of my employees and customers. How to cite Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers, Essay examples

Online Grocery Business

Question (1) Analyse the current issues faced by the online groceries in Europe. What areas of the product delivery, customer service and Supply Change Management are they handling well? What are the key issues and problems that they are currently faced with? What are the future trends in the online grocery business? (2) Identify an Australian online store. Compare performance of this store with this store with the performance of the European Grocery Stores. What are the competitive advantages of the Australian seller? What are the areas where the Australian seller is falling behind? What e-commerce technologies and business processes would you advise the Australian company to adopt in order to improve its performance and increase its market share? Answer: (1) Over a period of time there has been significant change in the way organisations are doing business. Especially, due to increased penetration of internet, there has been rapid change in the existing business, and this is more evident in industries such as retail segment. Major retailers in Europe such as Asda, Tesco, Sainsburys etc. are rapidly adopting the hybrid model of grocery retailing (Rohm Swaminathan, 2014, pp.748-757). On one hand, increase in use of internet based technologies has created a scenario where every shopper wants to fulfil most of his shopping requirements through online e-commerce websites, on other hand retail organisations are focusing hard to fulfil customer expectation by using smart and customer friendly strategies such as launching online grocery websites. Even though major part of Europe continues to buy grocery from brick and mortar shops, there are significant changes taking place in the buying behaviour. People are increasingly moving towards sho pping their grocery from online grocery stores rather than visiting a brick and mortar based grocery retail store. Despite of encouraging signals in growth of online grocery stores, there has been significant number of challenges and issues which the organisations into online grocery sector are facing. In UK 4.5 % of total grocery sale in 2010 came from online channel; however growth in other parts of Europe has been relatively low. For example in Germany, online grocery sale comprises of just 0.2% of total sale. In Europe, United Kingdom can be considered as one of the most developed grocery market, with organisations like Asda, Tesco, Sainsburys etc. However despite of tremendous potential, online grocery companies are facing numerous issues and challenges. These are as follows: Demand side problem: One major reason behind slow growth of online grocery shopping is the demand related issue. For example, in click and cash model of online grocery shopping consumers do not like paying for delivery fees, neither they like waiting for deliveries, and at times items which they receive from their online store is not fresh. This has resulted into creation of situation where, there is only a small fraction of customer segment in Europe who wants to use online grocery shopping sites. Due to which organisations are finding it difficult to remain profitable and sustain their online operations (Bevan Murphy, 2011). Supply side problem: It has been observed that for most of the online grocery retailers, online grocery transactions are not generating profit. For them, online grocery shopping site is an extension to their existing brick and mortar business model of retailing. This doesnt means that there are no pure online grocery shopping organisation, but they are relatively small in scale and do not have that amount of capital to invest as compared to large retailers (Huang Oppewal , 2010). That is why; large or small online shopping organisations are finding it difficult to achieve profitability through their online grocery shopping model. Most of them are using it to increase their volume of sales, rather than improving their value of sales. Variable cost in the online environment is relatively high, as compared to the brick and mortar model, also due to maintenance of warehouse, website and a dedicated supply chain to handle delivery of the order, there has been significant increase in the operational expenses of the European organisations. Despite of above mentioned challenges, organisations are trying to excel in areas such as product deliveries, customer servicing and supply chain management. In this regard it is important to mention the effort these online grocery shopping website are putting into customer services. In online grocery shopping environment, customer servicing the key essence, if due to any bad delivery of the grocery item which might have issues such freshness, or wrong item etc. then it has direct impact on the customer servicing quality, and in present business environment customer is one such stakeholder who is not forgiving at all. With so many competitors ready to poach the customer, there is no dearth of options for customer in retail segment, however companies are ensuring that there customer service remains of high quality. Many retailers have offered fixed delivery time for the ordered item, along with several discounts etc. Organisations are having dedicated customer servicing department whi ch is handling all the issues being logged in through the online grocery shopping websites. Product delivery is another aspect which organisations are increasingly focusing upon, this is one major reason behind improvement in the delivery time and other related aspect with the product delivery. In grocery shopping through online medium, and especially for food items, if the products are not delivered in time then possibility is high that customer might receive stale food item, which might create a major dent on customer trust. That is why; companies are working extensively in improvement of their supply chain. Product delivery is also from supply chains perspective. An efficient and timely delivery of the product is directly associated with the reduction in the operational expenses of the organisation and improvement in the customer experience (Schuster, A., Sporn, 2008). Overall it can be said that online grocery shopping is still in a nascent stage in major part of Europe, including United Kingdom. However, this also translates into the fact that there is tremendous scope of growth for companies existing in online grocery shopping business model. However to reap the benefit of this situation it is important for the retail organisations to have dedicated online retail strategy rather than mixing it up with their existing brick and mortar based business model. (2) Australian online store identified for this task is https://coles.com.au. In terms of performance, it can be said Coles is part of Coles supermarket, which is a supermarket chain owned by Wesfarmers, founded in 1914 in Victoria. Performance Coles.com.au is much better as compared to other online grocery shopping websites in Europe. There are multiple reasons behind better performance. Coles has total assets of A$19.08 billion, which is a big support for the online grocery shopping website of Cole. Due to profitability of its brick and mortal model business, Coles has been able to offer exciting discounts to its customers. It can be said that Coles is capable of offering hybrid services that means that Coles offers services in form of Store to home, click-and-collect along with its traditional brick and mortar model of business. For an Australian seller like Cole, there are numerous competitive advantages such as: Ease of business: Firstly unlike Europe, where European Union plays a major role in decisions related to retail business, apart from policies of EU, there are various policies at local level as well for each country. This has resulted into a highly fragmented environment in which these online shopping grocery websites have to do business, that is why at times reach of these business remains very restricted due to variation in various compliance related laws etc. Unlike Europe, Australia is free from such issue. It has its central and state government which takes decision in uniform manner. Due to uniformity and clarity on the policy front new as well as existing organisations are increasingly opening up to setup new online grocery websites. In nutshell it can be said that compared to Europe, Australia offers a higher ease of business factor, due to which more and more organisations are willing to start online grocery shopping websites (Hand et al, 2009). Age factor of target customer segment: Age of its target customer base is one major advantage which Australian sellers have with them. On one hand Europe as a continent is suffering from issue of ageing population, where in Australia there is advantage that a major part of the population falls in the age group of 20-45 years which is most net-savvy and inclined towards using online grocery shopping websites for their grocery shopping requirements. Customer in the age group of 45-65 years is already well tuned to shop from brick and mortar model of grocery shopping, and they are often reluctant to use internet to do their grocery shopping. That is why companies in Europe find it hard to increase their target customer base since there is already a saturation level in their ideal customer base. However there are certain areas on which Australian sellers are falling behind. For example lack of quality in the product is one area which needs to be improved. It is not like that all online retailers have this issue, or they are intentionally offering low quality products, but this is issue is more due to the fact that Australian online grocery shopping scenario is still in nascent stage like Europe, due to which many times such issues unintentionally are taking place. With sudden emergence of internet based business model in retailing, many companies entered into this sector without proper business strategy, and vision of their supply chain management for specially catering to demand form online channel. This has resulted into a situation where companies are taking time to consolidate their business setup and overall logistical, in this process at times customers face issues related to quality of the product which is delivered to them. Another area in which Australian sellers can improve upon is the marketing and customer servicing aspect. Unlike European sellers who are extremely cautious about their brand image, Australian sellers are yet to show that seriousness. These companies in Australia have grown more through organic route rather than growing through extensive marketing efforts. If these companies can put more effort in marketing field, then definitely there can be further boost to the overall profitability of the company. Australian companies can focus more on improvement on their e-commerce technologies and existing business processes. For example, currently majority of people are shopping by using laptops and other devices and by accessing the website. However, consumer behaviour is fast changing towards use of smart phones and mobile devices to complete their shopping. That is why it is important for organisations such as Coles, to take proactive steps in that direction and launch mobile based application for mobile grocery shopping. This will ensure that more customers are encouraged towards use of mobile devices to do their grocery shopping. However it is also important for organisations to ensure that in a case like this where mobile based shopping application is being promoted, they needs to make sure that overall customer experience remains same and seamless in nature. Customer should not feel difference in the user experience when he website as compared to a situation when he does the same th ing in mobile application. Overall it can be said that despite of challenges and issues online grocery shopping has a tremendous future. Only important thing which will ensure that maximum benefit is extracted from this situation is proper business strategies of the organisations into this field. References Bevan, J., Murphy, R. (2011). The nature of value created by UK online grocery retailers.International Journal of Consumer Studies,25(4), 279-289. Hand, C., Riley, F. D. O., Harris, P., Singh, J., Rettie, R. (2009). Online grocery shopping: the influence of situational factors.European Journal of Marketing,43(9/10), 1205-1219. Huang, Y., Oppewal, H. (2010). Why consumers hesitate to shop online: An experimental choice analysis of grocery shopping and the role of delivery fees.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,34(4/5), 334-353. Rohm, A. J., Swaminathan, V. (2014). A typology of online shoppers based on shopping motivations.Journal of business research,57(7), 748-757. Schuster, A., Sporn, B. (2008). Potential for online grocery shopping in the urban area of Vienna.Electronic Markets,8(2), 13-16.

Computer Hacking is never acceptable Essay Example

Computer Hacking is never acceptable Paper Nowadays, the world-wide network, the Internet, is a very popular place for people. Regardless of which interests people might have, they can always find something interesting on the Internet. The Internet has become more and more well-known, and therefore the number of people using it increases all the time. It also gives possibilities for people who have another purpose than just surfing on the Internet. That is where computer hacking comes in to the subject. When people hear the word hacking, the first thing they always think of is people breaking into others computers and causing damage. This is  correct, because computer hacking always involves some degree of infringement on the privacy of others or damage to computer-based property such as files, web pages or software (Stone, 1999). Furthermore, a computer hacker is a person who breaks into others computers. A computer hacker is someone who lives and breathes computers, someone who knows all about computers, and who can get a computer to do anything. Equally important, though, is the hackers attitude. Not all hackers break into systems just for the fun of it. Some do it for profit and some of these are even legitimate (Cheswick et al. , p. 132). We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Hacking is never acceptable specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Hacking is never acceptable specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Hacking is never acceptable specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In other words, computer programming must be a hobby, something done for fun, not just of duty or for the money. According to The New Hackers Dictionary on the Internet, a hacker can be defined as: 1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. 2. One who programs enthusiastically (even obsessively) or who enjoys programming rather than just theorizing about programming. 3. A person capable of appreciating hack value. 4. A person who is good at programming quickly. An expert or enthusiast of any kind. One might be an astronomy hacker, for example. 6. One who enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming or circumventing limitations. (Raymond, n. d. ) Before we go on, it is important to distinguish two concepts; hacking and cracking. In the daily round, people use them synonymously. The American guru of hacking, Eric S. Raymond, defined in his book about hacking that hackers build things, crackers break them (Interhack, 2000). Hackers test computer systems to decide how secure they are. Crackers, on the other hand, break into secure systems just to see if they can do it. There is a clear distinction between these two motivations. One is honorable, valuable and legal. The other one is not. In this essay, I am going to debate whether computer hacking is always negative or not. Are there any situations where hacking is acceptable? The answer may vary from person to person and from situation to situation. Why is hacking so wrong and unacceptable? First of all, hacking breaks the right to private property and personal life. Everyones computer contains sensitive and personal data, and of course the owners do not wish to let anyone hacks into their computers and gets entrance to all of these personal data. According to the Norwegian newspaper on the Internet, VG, there was a 20 year old boy who hacked into the Internet bank which belongs to a bank in Denmark, Nordea. He installed a remote control software on the customers computer, then steered into this computer and tricked the customer out of 25. 000 Norwegian Kroners (NOK) by the remote control. The police have charged this hacker with computer crime (vg. no A, 2004). Secondly, hacking can cause both enormous and serious damage. For example, a computer system that has been hacked might not only get important data destroyed, but also loss of economic resources. It can even damage the world economy. According to VG, a new computer virus was found in January 2004. This computer virus was called `Mydoom, also known as `Novarg. This virus has spread rapidly via the Internet all around the worlds computers, disguised as a normal email with an error message which tells you that a message from one of your contacts does not show as usual (vg. no B, 2004). Besides, it is more unacceptable and gloomy when a hacker breaks into big and government computer systems to companies and organizations and provides with extremely important information. This is maybe why hacking is seen as an unethical, wrong and criminal action in many countries, for instance in the United States and some countries in Europe and Scandinavia. People who get caught for hacking can risk imprisonment for life with large penalties and also be defined as terrorists (vg. no, 2001). Finally, computer hackers exploit human weakness. According to the book The Art of Deception, the American super hacker, Kevin D. Mitnick, stated, Somebody who uses deception, influence, and persuasion against business, usually targeting their information, belongs to the other sub-specialty, the social engineer. (Mitnick, p. xii). In other words, hackers are more depending on social skills than technological insights. The Art of Deception is about that hackers do not need to use for hours on breaking the password protection to get into the computer systems. The only thing they need to do is, for example, to pass oneself off as a co-worker for a company and fool a valid username and password easily (Mitnick, 2002). This is definitely a weakness of humans, because we are trained to be helpful. Just because of our helpfulness, the computer hackers use their social charm on exploiting us. The Art of Deception gives many examples on hacking techniques, but all of them are fictitious stories by Mitnick. This book is meant to be a facility for security experts for defending themselves against hackers. Below, there is a scenario from The Art of Deception, which shows one relevant example of how hackers exploit people: Janie Acton had been manning a cubicle as a customer service rep for Hometown Electric Power, in Washington, D. C. , for just over three years. She was considered to be one of the better clerks, smart and conscientious. It was Thanksgiving week when this one particular call came in. the caller said, This is Eduardo in the Billing Department. Ive got a lady on hold, shes a secretary in the executive offices that works for one of the vice presidents, and shes asking for some information and I cant use my computer. I got an email from this girl in Human Resources that said `ILOVEYOU, and when I opened the attachment, I couldnt use my machine any more. A virus. I got caught by a stupid virus. Anyways, could you look up some customer information for me? Sure, Janie answered. It crashed your computer? Thats terrible.

The 5 Principles of Adult Learning Pioneered by Malcolm Knowles

The 5 Principles of Adult Learning Pioneered by Malcolm Knowles The teacher of adults has a different job from the one who teaches children. If youre teaching adult students, for the best results its important to understand and practice five principles espoused by Malcolm Knowles, a pioneer in the study of adult learning. He observed that adults learn best when: They understand why something is important to know or do.They have the freedom to learn in their own way.Learning is experiential.The time is right for them to learn.The process is positive and encouraging. Make Sure Your Adult Students Understand â€Å"Why† Most adult students are in your classroom because they want to be. Some of them are there because they have continuing education requirements to keep a certificate current, but most are there because they’ve chosen to learn something new. This principle is not about why your students are in your classroom, but about why each thing you teach them is an important part of the learning. For example, imagine you are teaching a group how to make pickles. It would be important for students to understand why each step in the pickle-making process is important: It’s important to soak the cucumbers in ice water overnight. This helps make the pickles crisp.If you put a towel under the jars in the canner, they won’t bounce against each other and break.When sterilizing the jars, it’s important to fill each at least halfway with water, AND fill the canner they’re sitting in with water. Too little water and the towel mentioned in the previous bullet will catch on fire. You know this kind of information comes from experience. Respect that Your Students Have Different Learning Styles There are three general learning styles: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Visual learners rely on pictures. They love graphs, diagrams, and illustrations. â€Å"Show me,† is their motto. They often sit in the front of the classroom to avoid visual obstructions and to watch you, the teacher. They want to know what the subject looks like. You can best communicate with them by providing handouts, writing on the whiteboard, and using phrases like, â€Å"Do you see how this works?†Auditory learners listen carefully to all sounds associated with the learning. â€Å"Tell me,† is their motto. They will pay close attention to the sound of your voice and all of its subtle messages, and they will actively participate in discussions. You can best communicate with them by speaking clearly, asking questions, and using phrases like, â€Å"How does that sound to you?†Tactile or kinesthetic learners need to physically do something to understand it. Their motto is â€Å"Let me do it.† They trust their feelings and emotions about what theyà ¢â‚¬â„¢re learning and how you’re teaching it. They want to actually touch what they’re learning. They are the ones who will get up and help you with role-playing. You can best communicate with them by involving volunteers, allowing them to practice what they’re learning, and using phrases like, â€Å"How do you feel about that?† Most people use all three styles while they’re learning, and of course, this is logical since we all have five senses, barring any disabilities, but one style almost always is preferred. The big question is, â€Å"How do you, as the teacher, know which student has which learning style?† Without training in neuro-linguistics, it might be difficult, but conducting a short learning style assessment at the beginning of your class would benefit you and the students. This information is as valuable to the student as it is to you. There are several learning style assessments available online, some better than others. A good choice is the one at Ageless Learner. Allow Your Students to Experience What They’re Learning Experience can take many forms. Any activity that gets your students involved makes the learning experiential. This includes small group discussions, experiments, role playing, skits, building something at their table or desk, writing or drawing something specific – activity of any kind. Activities also keep people energized, especially activities that involve getting up and moving about. The other aspect of this principle is honoring the life experiences your students bring to the classroom. Be sure to tap into that wealth of wisdom whenever it’s appropriate. You’ll have to be a good timekeeper because people can talk for hours when asked for personal experiences, but the extra facilitation needed will be well worth the gems your students have to share. When the Student Is Ready, the Teacher Appears â€Å"When the student is ready, the teacher appears† is a Buddhist proverb packed with wisdom. No matter how hard a teacher tries, if the student isn’t ready to learn, chances are good he or she won’t. What does this mean for you as a teacher of adults? Luckily, your students are in your classroom because they want to be. They’ve already determined that the time is right. It’s your job to listen carefully for teaching moments and take advantage of them. When a student says or does something that triggers a topic on your agenda, be flexible and teach it right then. If that would wreak havoc on your schedule, which is often the case, teach a bit about it rather than saying flat out that they’ll have to wait until later in the program. By then, you may have lost their interest. Principle 5: Encourage Your Adult Students For most adults, being out of the classroom for even a few years can make going back to school intimidating. If they haven’t taken a class in decades, it’s understandable that they would have some degree of apprehension about what it will be like and how well they’ll do. It can be tough to be a rookie when you’ve been an expert in your field for many, many years. Nobody enjoys feeling foolish. Your job as a teacher of adult students includes being positive and encouraging. Patience helps too. Give your older students time to respond when you ask a question. They may need a few moments to consider their answer. Recognize the contributions they make, even when small. Give them words of encouragement whenever the opportunity arises. Most adults will rise to your expectations if you’re clear about them. A word of caution here. Being positive and encouraging is not the same as being condescending. Always remember that your students are adults. Speaking to them in the tone of voice you might use with a child is offensive, and the damage can be very difficult to overcome. Genuine encouragement from one person to another, regardless of age, is a wonderful point of human interaction. This is your challenge as a teacher of adults. Beyond teaching your subject, you have the opportunity to inspire confidence and passion in another human being. That kind of teaching changes lives.

Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Literature review Example The researcher therefore seeks to review literature on what recruitment and selection processions are, how recruitment and selection can be done effectively and efficiently, how to ensure fairness in recruitment and selection processes, the risk in undertaking awful recruitment and selection exercises and finally how to maintain workers recruited into a company. 2.2 Human Resource Recruitment and Selection What is Recruitment? According to the People Management Magazine, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), www.cipd.co.uk, â€Å"Recruitment is the process of having the right person, in the right place, at the right time.† This definition however seems too broad as it goes beyond job vacancies. To narrow down the definition to the job sector, a business directorate journal, www.businessdictionary.com defines recruitment as the â€Å"Process of identifying and hiring best-qualified candidate (from within or outside of an organization) for a job vacancy, in a most timely and cost effective manner.† In relation to this research, which seeks to assess the recruitment and selection process within B&M, recruitment can thus be said to be the processes that companies go through to get new employees to work for them when there is vacancy at their work places or new positions created. Vacancies are commonly created by the exit of workers either voluntarily or by expulsion. Workers who find the need to stop working for a company apply for resignation and subsequently quit the company. Older workers also apply for retirement when their retiring age is due. Companies also dismiss workers for several reasons as defined by their code of operation. After years of operation too, certain companies open new departments, sectors and branches. All these situations necessitate the need to recruit new employees to fill the vacancies. What is Job Selection? The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) define job selection as â€Å"short listing, and assessing applicants to decide who should be made a job offer.† Jarvis (2010) also gives a very similar definition of job selection as â€Å"decision stage, of choosing suitable applicants for a job or jobs.† Job selection the activity in which an organisation uses one or more methods to assess individuals with a view to making a decision concerning their suitability to join that organisation, to perform tasks which may or may not be specified (Lewis 1992, p17). The three definitions seem to suggest that the selection stage is the climax point of getting a candidate to fill a vacant position at a work place. It is however worth saying that as suggested by Lewis, the process should involve structured methods so that the ultimate aim of getting a suitable applicant as mentioned by Jarvis would be achieved. What are the various Recruitment and Selection Methods available to a Company? Recruitment and selection methods refer to the various means by which a com pany can attract applicants to come and seek for jobs. Doan (2010) outlines ten methods by which recruitment may be carried out. These methods include recruitment by campus method, recruitment by job centres, head hunting, recruitment by advertisements, database search on job site, employee referral, contract staffing, word-of-mouth recruitment,

Analyzing the Bull Profile Series by Roy Lichtenstein Essay

Analyzing the Bull Profile Series by Roy Lichtenstein - Essay Example Or, it could be a sequential explanation on how Liechtenstein transformed his subject, an everyday bull that looks uninteresting to a more vibrant and beautiful art form. The artwork as a whole fits into the sequence created by the exhibition space because it was able to successfully tell a narrative that the audience understand. In this case, it is the transformation of the bull to an interesting art form. Or it could also be a tutorial or an illustration on how Liechtenstein create his artworks by breaking the elements of the bull in each sequence and then adding distortion and color to breathe life to the subject. It has to be understand that the sequence created by the exhibition space is meant to tell a story. Such exhibition space can range from the walls of a gallery to the sketch pad of the artist or even the monumental walls of Egypt where the sequence of hieroglyphic fitted the exhibition

A Comprehensive Strategic Plan for a Primary School Essay

A Comprehensive Strategic Plan for a Primary School - Essay Example A Comprehensive Strategic Plan for a Primary School Improving and increasing the number of school’s available technology for learning indirectly increases the self-confidence and morale of the primary school teachers within the institution. Thus, enabling them to deliver a better quality education for the students. Promote and integrate the 21th Century educational system in the primary school setting in order to improve the students’ fluency in reading, numeric skills, scientific literacy including global awareness by imposing a strict use of the learning technology inside the classroom and encouraging the students to the use of the Internet technology when doing their assigned school work. Note: Encouraging the use of technology in learning is one way of enabling the students to be competitive and well-equipped with the necessary technology skills they will be needing as soon as they finish school and start joining the workforce. Promoting Global awareness will benefit the students since we are already in the stage of globalization. Exposing the students early with the global surroundings is an important as part of the students’ learning activities. Note: Students with a good quality reading and writing skills is crucial in getting them ready for higher education level. Establishing a good literacy foundation in primary education will make it possible for the students to become competitive in their future learning challenges.

History of Qatar: Al-Hajri

History of Qatar: Al-Hajri Maryam Al-Hajri Family/Tribe Al-Hajri Introduction: Qatar located in the western coast of the Arabian Gulf. There are around 2.576.181 people living in Qatar. When we talk about the state of Qatar, we should know that Qatar and all the Arabian Gulf have many tribes, customs and traditions. They lived in tents. One of the most well-known tribes in Qatar is Al-Hajri family. Despite of All tribes in the Middle East had many problems in the first but Al-Hajri family faced all these problems firmly and strongly. They had the ability to cope with the bad conditions in that time because they were belonged together. There are many important characters and special traditions in Al-Hajri family, so I will talk about Al-Hajri family and my research will highlight on their origins and traditions. Tribal Nature There are many traditions and customs distinguish tribal people rather than any other people. Tribal people lived only in deserts seeking for water and growing animals such as camels and sheep. Most of time they travelled from one place to another. They live in the Middle East especially in Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Qatar. About 5 million people live in deserts around the world. They are decreeing now. The tribal life is very difficult and no one in any other place can live with them .They have own lifestyle and culture. They are proud of their hospitality and generosity. They live in special tent which made of animals hair. In their spare time, they usually sing and clap their hand to their animals to make them feel happy. Their food is very delicious and tasty. Their food are rice and flour. They never eat fruits or vegetables. They have special clothes. Men dressed only galabia. They also cover their head by shalls. They have many colors cloths. Women also have special dressing. Th ey dressed only Abbaya with brightly colors when they went outside. They covered also their face and no one can see them. Tribal people have many languages and dialects distinguished them only depending on their location. History of the tribe Al-Hajri Family is one of the most important tribes in the Middle East, especially in Qatar. The tribe of Al-Hajri comes from the Sharif tribe. We know that Sharif tribe arose from the sons of Sharif gene Almzhadji. There are two great parties in Al-Hajri family. The big parties are Al- Mohammed and Al- almukhddaba. They are considered the big and well known parties in the Al-Hajri family. They were located in the Eastern Province of the state of Qatar. Most of the family tribe lived in the southern Saudi Arabia, especially in the valley of Yaeud and at the bottom of the valley of Alhvlan. They were lived also in the village of Freij in the state of Kuwait and connected with each other. The family was enjoyed with the generosity, courage, helping all poor people, kindness and all good deeds. There were many habits and traditions distinguished them from any other tribes in the Middle East. The fishing and the pearl driving were the most hobbies for them.El-Sheikh Mohamed Ben Shaban le aded the Al-Hajri family in the beginning of the thirteen century. He ordered them to live in Al-Sarah which located in the south of Najd. After that, When the Chaffee Ben Safar who is the grandson of the El-Sheikh Mohamed Bin Shabban had the title of the leader, he transferred them from the south of Najd to other place. They lived in Hasaa with their leader. Some of them also conveyed and lived in Qatar until now. In the Al-Hajri family, there were many elder characters such as Ibn Shafi, Ibn Ayed and Ibn Baeeth. The Al-Hajri family consisted of seven branches. They were Obeida, Aljuhadr, Sherif, Sanhan, Alhbab, Rafidah, and Bani Bashar. We know that all tribes in the Middle East had many customs and traditions. They travelled and conveyed a lot from one place to another place. They travelled and conveyed in order to find water and plants for their sheep and camels, so they called the nomadic tribe. The features and characteristics of Al-Hajri family There are many features and characteristics distinguished Al-Hajri family. When Al-Hajri family allied or entrusted with other family, they committed by its promises and charts even if the entrusted to another family lead to killing the last man of their family. There is no mentioned in the history that Al-Hajri family entrusted to other family and cheated it even if the order reached to happening big wars. Because of all these features El-sheikh Abdullah Al-Khalifa selected this family and considered it one of the most and strong families among all families in the Middle East and then El-Sheikh Qasem hired them to help him in establishing his rule in Qatar. The Al-Hajri family fulfilled with all charts with El-Sheikh Qasem and his rule was established in this time. El-sheikh Fares Nasser Ibn Khalil Al-Shahwan Al-Hajri who was belonged to the Al-Hajri family contributed in establishing the rule of El-Sheikh Qasem. The Co-operation between El-Sheikh Qasem and El-Sheikh Fares came afte r Qasem saw that his father paid much money which imposed to Qatari people to the Bahrain ruler under the contract done in 1968. The root of Al-Hajri family In Al-Hajri family, they divided into many branches as follows: the branch Al-Sultan and they are two sub branches as Al-Khalid including Al-Aswad, Al-Rashdan and Al-Growan. The second sub branch of Al-Sultan is Al-Ghanem including Al-Hotan, Al-Asimy and Al-Samad. There were many also sub-branches related to Al-Sultan but they were died out such as Al-Saqr, Al-Safoq and Al-Shreem. The second branch is Al-Fahid and they were six main branches including Al-Doghman, Al-Hobran, Al-Shohiman, AlKober and Al-Goghan. Each of all these main branches have many families. The third branch is Al-Falha and they were listed under three branches such as Al-Baqr including Al-Ramis, Al-Awir and Al-Marbid, the second sub branch of Al-Falha is Al -Shraa including Al-Mohamed and Al-Qrity. The third sub branch is Al-Mosalma among them Al-Nomian and Al-Monqash and there are many other families belonged to Al-Falha but we dont know anything about them. Finally there are many other branches such as Al-Gadi, Al-Masrir, Al-Zaid and Al-Shhwan. Conclusion There is no doubt that Qatar is an important countries in the world. There are many families in the Middle East especially in Qatar. One of the strongest and generosity family in Qatar is Al-Hajri family. They located in many place in different countries like Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait and Emirates. They are famous by travelling from one place to another place and they not settled on one place. The family have many good features and characteristics like helping people and courage. There are many things distinguished this family such as promising and their charts with other families. In the history, there is no mentioned that any one in Al-Hajri family break the convent with any person. They helped El-Sheikh Qasem to establish his rule. There are many branches in Al-Hajri family like Al-Sultan and Al-Mosalma. In the end Al-Hajri family is one of the strongest and generosity family comparing to all families in the Middle East. References Advameg. (1997). Qatar. Retrieved from everyculture: http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Qatar.html

A Reassessment of the !Kung San Essay -- Geography Geographical Papers

A Reassessment of the Kung San The !Kung San are a group of hunter-gathers that make their home in the northern Kalahari desert. Although many ecological and cultural changes have occurred within this group throughout the past thirty years, this article examines the gathering and subsistence patterns that characterize these people. Bentley examines the total fertility rate of the !Kung San and hypothesizes that the pattern of female energetics in their subsistence routine has a direct effect upon their fecundity (1984: 79). His perspective explores the topic of fertility in great depth, and represents a viewpoint that is absent from the text written by Richard Lee, The Dobe Ju’/hoansi. In fact, some of the hypotheses proposed by Bentley appear to contradict Lee’s own research, while others are supported by the findings of Lee. One question that remains undecided regarding the low fertility rates of the !Kung is the degree to which this is a result of sociocultural means, or an effect of physiological and biological processes. Bentley examines the "intermediate variables" within Bongaarts’ reproductive equation, which is one means of illustrating and quantifying the mechanisms that may cause the low fertility rate, and demonstrates that this research seems insufficient in explaining fertility. Briefly, Bongaarts’ equation incorporates the following variables: total fertility rate, index of proportions married, index of contraception, index of induced abortion, index of lactational infecundability, and total fecundity (which includes fecundability, intra-uterine mortality, and permanent sterility). In addition to showing that the intermediate variables of Bongaart’s equation are insufficient in explaining th... ...estyle may consist of foods that are more malleable, therefore reducing the amount of time mothers spend nursing their young. As the !Kung make cultural transitions into more sedentary lifestyles, fertility rates will presumably be affected. As Lee points out, in village life the men maintain the mobility while the women become housebound, with more of their time spent alone with the children. Thus, a more sedentary lifestyle may lead to an increase in fertility rates and a subsequent increase in population. In fact, the population of Dove has risen from 35 in 1964 to 165 at the time Lee wrote his book (1994: 154). Another result of such changes is that they may lead to the subordination of women. The new emergence of a sedentary lifestyle has implications for overall fertility, but also threatens to undermine the egalitarian values of this group of people.