A Quick Tutorial on the Perl Array Pop() Function

When writing a Perl script you might find it handy to use the pop() function, which looks like this: Perls pop() function is used to remove and return (or pop) the last element from an array, which reduces the number of elements by one. The last element in the array is the one with the highest index. Its easy to confuse this function with shift(), which removes the first element from an array. An Example of Using the Perl Pop() Function If you think of an array as a row of numbered boxes, going from left to right, it would be the element on the far right. The pop() function would cut the element off the right side of the array, return it, and reduce the elements by one. In the examples, the value of $oneName becomes Moe, the last element, and myNames is shortened to (Larry, Curly). The array can also be thought of as a stack—picture of a stack of numbered boxes, starting with 0 on the top, and increasing as it goes down. The pop() function would pop the element off the bottom of the stack, return it, and reduce the elements by one.

The Educated Imagination, by Northrop Frye, Bird by Bird,...

Can you imagine a world where literature did not exist? It’s very hard, nearly impossible. Literature plays a major role in shaping society. Literature is a word used to describe written or spoken material. Literature educates, informs, entertains and influences the reader or listener in a myriad of profound ways. Broadly speaking, â€Å"literature† is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination. Writers can change one’s beliefs, thoughts, actions, indeed their entire lives. In Northrop Frye’s The Educated Imagination, Anne Lamott’s Bird by Bird and Plato’s The Republic, the writers use literature to utter the importance†¦show more content†¦He further says that literature especially poetry is â€Å"more simply sensuous and passionate.† In order to make this connection, Frye uses a series of comparisons s uch as objective versus subjective words, intellect opposed to emotion, and arts in contrast to science. Frye also describes what he considers to be three levels of the mind and their relationships to language. He titles the first level the objective level. On this level one uses nouns and adjectives to give names and describe things one sees around himself. The second level referred to as the practical level uses verbs and action words. For instance, man is concerned with changing the environment to fit his needs, therefore he requires these practical verbs and adjectives to express what he wants to do. The last level is basically a vision or model in one’s mind of what he wants to construct. This highest level is involved with imagination, this is the realm of literature. Frye makes the fascinating observation that science continuously

Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers Free Essays

The job of a nightclub manager is a professional and exciting profession. However, the common misconceptions that a nightclub manager’s life is full of glamour or he lives a posh life are another thing. Every job has its own idiosyncrasies but every job can be rewarding as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers or any similar topic only for you Order Now The smooth functioning, the profitability, and the significant degree of input on the attitude and operations of the club all depend with the club manager (â€Å"Career,† 2007). People should be aware that club managers have many potentials high profile professions do not have. They are the creative people others sometimes looked down. Their brains are wired up with good marketing schemes for the welfare of their customers and business as a whole. Thus, the offshoots of their talents and strategies mean customer satisfaction and good business. In spite of the fact that a nightclub manager’s job is a professional career it is still being questioned by few people. Consequently, there are many pressing issues a nightclub manager encounters. But I think a nightclub manager should not be alarmed at all about facing these issues often connoted in their line of work. The idea of excitement with this kind of job is overwhelming. This paper looks at the functions and duties of nightclub managers in higher form of scrutiny but with high regards. The concentration of this paper is not just the juxtaposition of the acceptable and unacceptable realities when one is a nightclub manager but most importantly to make reforms on the conventional views towards the real job of a nightclub manager. It is a prevalent reality that nightclubs are known for infamous industry of entertainment: alcohol, drugs, prostitution, and crimes. But in other clubs it is actually the opposite reality. The problem with this view is that few people tend to make generalizations and distort ideas about nightclubs which influence other people’s belief. Consequences are: (1) the persuasive power of these few people who thinks nightclubs are a place of unwanted activities attracts majority, (2) the misinterpretation of the reality that often than not there are many decent clubs, and (3) managers who operate nightclubs are being attacked regarding questions of morality, ergo, they are being looked down. The writer does intend to be assertive and hopes to lay down critical views. So, the crucial questions which need to be answered in this short paper are: 1.   To what extent does a nightclub manager can control his customers and his staff in terms of providing service to customers? 2.   What are the scopes and limitations a manager can give when a customer demands service? 3.   How to make every operation of the club runs smoothly without sacrificing customer satisfaction? It is always important to remember that to make a good business the manager can choose to become always submissive or not. The slogan â€Å"the customer is always right† should not be taken literally because this is not always the case. The purpose of this paper is not to draw a clear line between what is morally right and wrong, though. But it should be noted that nightclub managers are professional beings and they are aware of ethical matters whether they deny it or not. Nightclub manager has all the right to enforce his authority over his subordinates and in some cases the owner of the establishment. Since providing a good service to the customers is the key to profitable business the nightclub manager’s duties should be handled accordingly. Although formal education is needed, experience in club industry is a requisite. Advertising, management, customer service, inventory control, and financial aspects (e.g. revenues, cash flow costs, etc.) of the club are just some of the concerns being managed by the nightclub manager. But one more thing that should serve as a reminder, the work of nightclub managers is not easy as others may want to think. I conducted an interview with one nightclub manager and he said that in his line of work he literally works to death, that he have not yet imagined until he became a nightclub manager himself. The answer to question number two is a scenario which was provided by the manager I have interviewed (see Appendix A). One customer talks to the nightclub manager and whispers something while looking at the stage. They both look at Mikaela, an exquisite beauty and dancer of the club. The manager can recognize the lust on the customer’s eyes and he said â€Å"No† and that was final. The customer was surprised but the manager just gave him a knowing look, and that is the end of it. Everything went smoothly again. Mikaela saw everything which had happened and she lovingly smiled at the manager. It is a very rewarding feeling for a nightclub manager if he departs from the becoming â€Å"stereotype† of what a nightclub manager really does. A manager can say he really suffered different kinds of hardships in a very challenging milieu like the nightclub if he survived the challenges using good means. The manager we had seen in the scenario given above is not the type of manager who just goes with the flows and acts very submissive to his customers while sacrificing the welfare of his employees. He is the not the stereotype manager, he was able to deviate from the norms. He was able to make his own choice when put in a challenging situation which involved the welfare of his employees. Thus, these manners of a manager being labeled â€Å"deviant† are uncommon yet satisfying and admirable. Furthermore, the people working in a nightclub are the embodiment of the nightclub per se. So, if a nightclub manager train his employees humanely, treat them with compassion, and pay them justly he will not just develop a good report with them but a deeper relationship. Nightclubs are just the perfect setting in creating a world of innovation and world of creativity to answer the last question. To do this or not to this is really the ultimate question when a club manager is thinking of marketing strategies which would attract more customers and to keep regular customers coming. The manager who really wants good business not just sticks with his ultimate goal by being too focused about money. He still believes in â€Å"ends justify the means† in an acceptable way. Meaning, he does not eventually loses his heart to his staff and to his self in the process of making business good. Therefore, if his brain is really wired up with many good ideas, he will really give a damn if the welfare of his employees is at stake.   Money and business are not always the motivations of a nightclub manager. The conscience of a nightclub manager should not be put in his pockets where he can get it anytime he wants or completely pretends he forgets about it after some times. If this is the case, then he will be included to the shallow people of this world. It is hard to see oneself in front of the mirror with eyes close. A real advocate of a good business has a heart. Now, the unacceptable and acceptable realities in the line of job of a nightclub manager have been laid down. And it is still safe from this point to say that the job of a nightclub manager is interesting, professional, and morally acceptable if the manager chooses to. Nightclub managers really live different lifestyles but of course with their full consent, whether it will be based on moralities or immoralities, money or conscience, and life or death. There are nightclub managers who chose the road more traveled but more despised by the society and they do not care. There are those who stay clean at first but were taken with the flow and eventually join the ones despised by society. And there are those who depart from the majority and chose the road less traveled.   So, if I may say please choose the road less traveled, you are surely on the right track. APPENDIX 1 All details about the interviewee will remain confidential. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you have a full control over your club? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have all the controls over my club. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are some of the concerns when one is a nightclub manager? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a manager I know I should be responsible in everything about this club like the operations as a whole, management, giving services to the customers, taking care of regular customers, approving what promos and gimmicks should be implemented to attract more customers, welfare of my employees, and of course as a whole how to make this business profitable, and so forth and so on. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oh I see. So, to what extent you can say that you really have the full control in this club? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being the owner and at the same time the manager, I have all the controls in making this business survive in the way I chose to. I have though of marketable strategies with the help of my employees. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What do you do when your customers become demanding to some extent that it involves question of morality? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My employees learned to accept my decisions but I consider first and foremost decisions which will do both my customers and employees’ welfare. My decision should be for the good of everybody. Though I have fallen in many kinds of dilemma many times, and I have handled them rightfully. I have some friends who are also managers of nightclub who resort to what is known â€Å"illicit activities† inside a club just to make their business good and I am not like them. When I first entered this business, I was able to separate myself with illegal activities because I still had my conscience. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well, I already have an idea about what you said, â€Å"Illicit Activities† so, I am wondering how do you handle, if you are involved or not involved in this kind of realities inside the nightclub? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I chose not to get involved. You see I have my own choice. I proud to say right now that I survived many challenges a manager like me would encounter. I helped my employees because they helped me as well. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You are not the stereotype nightclub manager other people think of, so what can you say about it? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I can earn more money at the same time gain good and loyal friends on behalf of my employees and customers. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thank you for the time, Mr Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I hope I made a little spark at least. Source: The Princeton Review, INC (2007). Career Profiles. October 2, 2007, from http://www.princetonreview.com/cte/profiles/dayInLife.asp?careerID=21 How to cite Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers, Essay examples Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers Free Essays The job of a nightclub manager is a professional and exciting profession. However, the common misconceptions that a nightclub manager’s life is full of glamour or he lives a posh life are another thing. Every job has its own idiosyncrasies but every job can be rewarding as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers or any similar topic only for you Order Now The smooth functioning, the profitability, and the significant degree of input on the attitude and operations of the club all depend with the club manager (â€Å"Career,† 2007). People should be aware that club managers have many potentials high profile professions do not have. They are the creative people others sometimes looked down. Their brains are wired up with good marketing schemes for the welfare of their customers and business as a whole. Thus, the offshoots of their talents and strategies mean customer satisfaction and good business.  In spite of the fact that a nightclub manager’s job is a professional career it is still being questioned by few people. Consequently, there are many pressing issues a nightclub manager encounters. But I think a nightclub manager should not be alarmed at all about facing these issues often connoted in their line of work. The idea of excitement with this kind of job is overwhelming. This paper looks at the functions and duties of nightclub managers in higher form of scrutiny but with high regards. The concentration of this paper is not just the juxtaposition of the acceptable and unacceptable realities when one is a nightclub manager but most importantly to make reforms on the conventional views towards the real job of a nightclub manager. It is a prevalent reality that nightclubs are known for infamous industry of entertainment: alcohol, drugs, prostitution, and crimes. But in other clubs it is actually the opposite reality. The problem with this view is that few people tend to make generalizations and distort ideas about nightclubs which influence other people’s belief. Consequences are: (1) the persuasive power of these few people who thinks nightclubs are a place of unwanted activities attracts majority, (2) the misinterpretation of the reality that often than not there are many decent clubs, and (3) managers who operate nightclubs are being attacked regarding questions of morality, ergo, they are being looked down. The writer does intend to be assertive and hopes to lay down critical views. So, the crucial questions which need to be answered in this short paper are: 1.To what extent does a nightclub manager can control his customers and his staff in terms of providing service to customers? 2.   What are the scopes and limitations a manager can give when a customer demands service? 3.   How to make every operation of the club runs smoothly without sacrificing customer satisfaction? It is always important to remember that to make a good business the manager can choose to become always submissive or not. The slogan â€Å"the customer is always right† should not be taken literally because this is not always the case. The purpose of this paper is not to draw a clear line between what is morally right and wrong, though. But it should be noted that nightclub managers are professional beings and they are aware of ethical matters whether they deny it or not. Nightclub manager has all the right to enforce his authority over his subordinates and in some cases the owner of the establishment. Since providing a good service to the customers is the key to profitable business the nightclub manager’s duties should be handled accordingly. Although formal education is needed, experience in club industry is a requisite. Advertising, management, customer service, inventory control, and financial aspects (e.g. revenues, cash flow costs, etc.) of the club are just some of the concerns being managed by the nightclub manager. But one more thing that should serve as a reminder, the work of nightclub managers is not easy as others may want to think. I conducted an interview with one nightclub manager and he said that in his line of work he literally works to death, that he have not yet imagined until he became a nightclub manager himself. The answer to question number two is a scenario which was provided by the manager I have interviewed (see Appendix A).  One customer talks to the nightclub manager and whispers something while looking at the stage. They both look at Mikaela, an exquisite beauty and dancer of the club. The manager can recognize the lust on the customer’s eyes and he said â€Å"No† and that was final. The customer was surprised but the manager just gave him a knowing look, and that is the end of it. Everything went smoothly again. Mikaela saw everything which had happened and she lovingly smiled at the manager. It is a very rewarding feeling for a nightclub manager if he departs from the becoming â€Å"stereotype† of what a nightclub manager really does. A manager can say he really suffered different kinds of hardships in a very challenging milieu like the nightclub if he survived the challenges using good means.  The manager we had seen in the scenario given above is not the type of manager who just goes with the flows and acts very submissive to his customers while sacrificing the welfare of his employees. He is the not the stereotype manager, he was able to deviate from the norms. He was able to make his own choice when put in a challenging situation which involved the welfare of his employees. Thus, these manners of a manager being labeled â€Å"deviant† are uncommon yet satisfying and admirable. Furthermore, the people working in a nightclub are the embodiment of the nightclub per se. So, if a nightclub manager train his employees humanely, treat them with compassion, and pay them justly he will not just develop a good report with them but a deeper relationship.  Nightclubs are just the perfect setting in creating a world of innovation and world of creativity to answer the last question. To do this or not to this is really the ultimate question when a club manager is thinking of marketing strategies which would attract more customers and to keep regular customers coming. The manager who really wants good business not just sticks with his ultimate goal by being too focused about money. He still believes in â€Å"ends justify the means† in an acceptable way. Meaning, he does not eventually loses his heart to his staff and to his self in the process of making business good. Therefore, if his brain is really wired up with many good ideas, he will really give a damn if the welfare of his employees is at stake. Money and business are not always the motivations of a nightclub manager. The conscience of a nightclub manager should not be put in his pockets where he can get it anytime he wants or completely pretends he forgets about it after some times. If this is the case, then he will be included to the shallow people of this world. It is hard to see oneself in front of the mirror with eyes close. A real advocate of a good business has a heart. Now, the unacceptable and acceptable realities in the line of job of a nightclub manager have been laid down. And it is still safe from this point to say that the job of a nightclub manager is interesting, professional, and morally acceptable if the manager chooses to. Nightclub managers really live different lifestyles but of course with their full consent, whether it will be based on moralities or immoralities, money or conscience, and life or death. There are nightclub managers who chose the road more traveled but more despised by the society and they do not care. There are those who stay clean at first but were taken with the flow and eventually join the ones despised by society. And there are those who depart from the majority and chose the road less traveled.   So, if I may say please choose the road less traveled, you are surely on the right track. APPENDIX 1 All details about the interviewee will remain confidential. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you have a full control over your club? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have all the controls over my club. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are some of the concerns when one is a nightclub manager? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a manager I know I should be responsible in everything about this club like the operations as a whole, management, giving services to the customers, taking care of regular customers, approving what promos and gimmicks should be implemented to attract more customers, welfare of my employees, and of course as a whole how to make this business profitable, and so forth and so on. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oh I see. So, to what extent you can say that you really have the full control in this club? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being the owner and at the same time the manager, I have all the controls in making this business survive in the way I chose to. I have though of marketable strategies with the help of my employees. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What do you do when your customers become demanding to some extent that it involves question of morality? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   My employees learned to accept my decisions but I consider first and foremost decisions which will do both my customers and employees’ welfare. My decision should be for the good of everybody. Though I have fallen in many kinds of dilemma many times, and I have handled them rightfully. I have some friends who are also managers of nightclub who resort to what is known â€Å"illicit activities† inside a club just to make their business good and I am not like them. When I first entered this business, I was able to separate myself with illegal activities because I still had my conscience. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Well, I already have an idea about what you said, â€Å"Illicit Activities† so, I am wondering how do you handle, if you are involved or not involved in this kind of realities inside the nightclub? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   I chose not to get involved. You see I have my own choice. I proud to say right now that I survived many challenges a manager like me would encounter. I helped my employees because they helped me as well. Interviewer:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   You are not the stereotype nightclub manager other people think of, so what can you say about it? Interviewee:  Ã‚  Ã‚   I can earn more money at the same time gain good and loyal friends on behalf of my employees and customers. How to cite Life can be beautiful for nightclub managers, Essay examples

Online Grocery Business

Question (1) Analyse the current issues faced by the online groceries in Europe. What areas of the product delivery, customer service and Supply Change Management are they handling well? What are the key issues and problems that they are currently faced with? What are the future trends in the online grocery business? (2) Identify an Australian online store. Compare performance of this store with this store with the performance of the European Grocery Stores. What are the competitive advantages of the Australian seller? What are the areas where the Australian seller is falling behind? What e-commerce technologies and business processes would you advise the Australian company to adopt in order to improve its performance and increase its market share? Answer: (1) Over a period of time there has been significant change in the way organisations are doing business. Especially, due to increased penetration of internet, there has been rapid change in the existing business, and this is more evident in industries such as retail segment. Major retailers in Europe such as Asda, Tesco, Sainsburys etc. are rapidly adopting the hybrid model of grocery retailing (Rohm Swaminathan, 2014, pp.748-757). On one hand, increase in use of internet based technologies has created a scenario where every shopper wants to fulfil most of his shopping requirements through online e-commerce websites, on other hand retail organisations are focusing hard to fulfil customer expectation by using smart and customer friendly strategies such as launching online grocery websites. Even though major part of Europe continues to buy grocery from brick and mortar shops, there are significant changes taking place in the buying behaviour. People are increasingly moving towards sho pping their grocery from online grocery stores rather than visiting a brick and mortar based grocery retail store. Despite of encouraging signals in growth of online grocery stores, there has been significant number of challenges and issues which the organisations into online grocery sector are facing. In UK 4.5 % of total grocery sale in 2010 came from online channel; however growth in other parts of Europe has been relatively low. For example in Germany, online grocery sale comprises of just 0.2% of total sale. In Europe, United Kingdom can be considered as one of the most developed grocery market, with organisations like Asda, Tesco, Sainsburys etc. However despite of tremendous potential, online grocery companies are facing numerous issues and challenges. These are as follows: Demand side problem: One major reason behind slow growth of online grocery shopping is the demand related issue. For example, in click and cash model of online grocery shopping consumers do not like paying for delivery fees, neither they like waiting for deliveries, and at times items which they receive from their online store is not fresh. This has resulted into creation of situation where, there is only a small fraction of customer segment in Europe who wants to use online grocery shopping sites. Due to which organisations are finding it difficult to remain profitable and sustain their online operations (Bevan Murphy, 2011). Supply side problem: It has been observed that for most of the online grocery retailers, online grocery transactions are not generating profit. For them, online grocery shopping site is an extension to their existing brick and mortar business model of retailing. This doesnt means that there are no pure online grocery shopping organisation, but they are relatively small in scale and do not have that amount of capital to invest as compared to large retailers (Huang Oppewal , 2010). That is why; large or small online shopping organisations are finding it difficult to achieve profitability through their online grocery shopping model. Most of them are using it to increase their volume of sales, rather than improving their value of sales. Variable cost in the online environment is relatively high, as compared to the brick and mortar model, also due to maintenance of warehouse, website and a dedicated supply chain to handle delivery of the order, there has been significant increase in the operational expenses of the European organisations. Despite of above mentioned challenges, organisations are trying to excel in areas such as product deliveries, customer servicing and supply chain management. In this regard it is important to mention the effort these online grocery shopping website are putting into customer services. In online grocery shopping environment, customer servicing the key essence, if due to any bad delivery of the grocery item which might have issues such freshness, or wrong item etc. then it has direct impact on the customer servicing quality, and in present business environment customer is one such stakeholder who is not forgiving at all. With so many competitors ready to poach the customer, there is no dearth of options for customer in retail segment, however companies are ensuring that there customer service remains of high quality. Many retailers have offered fixed delivery time for the ordered item, along with several discounts etc. Organisations are having dedicated customer servicing department whi ch is handling all the issues being logged in through the online grocery shopping websites. Product delivery is another aspect which organisations are increasingly focusing upon, this is one major reason behind improvement in the delivery time and other related aspect with the product delivery. In grocery shopping through online medium, and especially for food items, if the products are not delivered in time then possibility is high that customer might receive stale food item, which might create a major dent on customer trust. That is why; companies are working extensively in improvement of their supply chain. Product delivery is also from supply chains perspective. An efficient and timely delivery of the product is directly associated with the reduction in the operational expenses of the organisation and improvement in the customer experience (Schuster, A., Sporn, 2008). Overall it can be said that online grocery shopping is still in a nascent stage in major part of Europe, including United Kingdom. However, this also translates into the fact that there is tremendous scope of growth for companies existing in online grocery shopping business model. However to reap the benefit of this situation it is important for the retail organisations to have dedicated online retail strategy rather than mixing it up with their existing brick and mortar based business model. (2) Australian online store identified for this task is https://coles.com.au. In terms of performance, it can be said Coles is part of Coles supermarket, which is a supermarket chain owned by Wesfarmers, founded in 1914 in Victoria. Performance Coles.com.au is much better as compared to other online grocery shopping websites in Europe. There are multiple reasons behind better performance. Coles has total assets of A$19.08 billion, which is a big support for the online grocery shopping website of Cole. Due to profitability of its brick and mortal model business, Coles has been able to offer exciting discounts to its customers. It can be said that Coles is capable of offering hybrid services that means that Coles offers services in form of Store to home, click-and-collect along with its traditional brick and mortar model of business. For an Australian seller like Cole, there are numerous competitive advantages such as: Ease of business: Firstly unlike Europe, where European Union plays a major role in decisions related to retail business, apart from policies of EU, there are various policies at local level as well for each country. This has resulted into a highly fragmented environment in which these online shopping grocery websites have to do business, that is why at times reach of these business remains very restricted due to variation in various compliance related laws etc. Unlike Europe, Australia is free from such issue. It has its central and state government which takes decision in uniform manner. Due to uniformity and clarity on the policy front new as well as existing organisations are increasingly opening up to setup new online grocery websites. In nutshell it can be said that compared to Europe, Australia offers a higher ease of business factor, due to which more and more organisations are willing to start online grocery shopping websites (Hand et al, 2009). Age factor of target customer segment: Age of its target customer base is one major advantage which Australian sellers have with them. On one hand Europe as a continent is suffering from issue of ageing population, where in Australia there is advantage that a major part of the population falls in the age group of 20-45 years which is most net-savvy and inclined towards using online grocery shopping websites for their grocery shopping requirements. Customer in the age group of 45-65 years is already well tuned to shop from brick and mortar model of grocery shopping, and they are often reluctant to use internet to do their grocery shopping. That is why companies in Europe find it hard to increase their target customer base since there is already a saturation level in their ideal customer base. However there are certain areas on which Australian sellers are falling behind. For example lack of quality in the product is one area which needs to be improved. It is not like that all online retailers have this issue, or they are intentionally offering low quality products, but this is issue is more due to the fact that Australian online grocery shopping scenario is still in nascent stage like Europe, due to which many times such issues unintentionally are taking place. With sudden emergence of internet based business model in retailing, many companies entered into this sector without proper business strategy, and vision of their supply chain management for specially catering to demand form online channel. This has resulted into a situation where companies are taking time to consolidate their business setup and overall logistical, in this process at times customers face issues related to quality of the product which is delivered to them. Another area in which Australian sellers can improve upon is the marketing and customer servicing aspect. Unlike European sellers who are extremely cautious about their brand image, Australian sellers are yet to show that seriousness. These companies in Australia have grown more through organic route rather than growing through extensive marketing efforts. If these companies can put more effort in marketing field, then definitely there can be further boost to the overall profitability of the company. Australian companies can focus more on improvement on their e-commerce technologies and existing business processes. For example, currently majority of people are shopping by using laptops and other devices and by accessing the website. However, consumer behaviour is fast changing towards use of smart phones and mobile devices to complete their shopping. That is why it is important for organisations such as Coles, to take proactive steps in that direction and launch mobile based application for mobile grocery shopping. This will ensure that more customers are encouraged towards use of mobile devices to do their grocery shopping. However it is also important for organisations to ensure that in a case like this where mobile based shopping application is being promoted, they needs to make sure that overall customer experience remains same and seamless in nature. Customer should not feel difference in the user experience when he website as compared to a situation when he does the same th ing in mobile application. Overall it can be said that despite of challenges and issues online grocery shopping has a tremendous future. Only important thing which will ensure that maximum benefit is extracted from this situation is proper business strategies of the organisations into this field. References Bevan, J., Murphy, R. (2011). The nature of value created by UK online grocery retailers.International Journal of Consumer Studies,25(4), 279-289. Hand, C., Riley, F. D. O., Harris, P., Singh, J., Rettie, R. (2009). Online grocery shopping: the influence of situational factors.European Journal of Marketing,43(9/10), 1205-1219. Huang, Y., Oppewal, H. (2010). Why consumers hesitate to shop online: An experimental choice analysis of grocery shopping and the role of delivery fees.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,34(4/5), 334-353. Rohm, A. J., Swaminathan, V. (2014). A typology of online shoppers based on shopping motivations.Journal of business research,57(7), 748-757. Schuster, A., Sporn, B. (2008). Potential for online grocery shopping in the urban area of Vienna.Electronic Markets,8(2), 13-16.